

In a systematic review of seven trials ( Ni 2018), the aclidinium/formoterol fixed dose combination (FDC) was found to improve dyspnoea and lung function compared to the monocomponents or placebo. Aclidinium/formoterol reduced the rate of moderate to severe exacerbations by 29%, when compared to placebo, but not when compared to aclidinium or formoterol alone ( Bateman 2015). There were some improvements in dyspnoea and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), measured by St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).

Appendix 2 – Explanation of inhaler devices.Appendix 1 – Use and doses of long-term inhaled bronchodilator and corticosteroids determined in response trials.Uptake and impact of guidelines for exacerbations X3.5 Develop post-discharge plan and follow-up.X3.2.1 Humidified nasal high flow therapy (hNHF).Refer appropriately to prevent further deterioration (‘P’) X2.2.4 Combined systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics for treatment of exacerbation.X2.2.3 Antibiotics for treatment of exacerbations.X2.2.2 Systemic corticosteroids for treatment of exacerbations.X2.2.1 Inhaled bronchodilators for treatment of exacerbations.X2.1 Confirm exacerbation and categorise severity.D1.7 Clinical psychologist/psychiatrist.D1.3 GP practice nurse/ nurse practitioner/ respiratory educator/ respiratory nurse.P11 Long-term home non-invasive ventilation.Humidification therapy and nasal high flow (NHF) therapy P2.3 Haemophilus influenzae immunisation.P1.2.5 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes).P1.2.2 Nicotine Receptor Partial Agonists.O10.3 Palliative oxygen therapy for dyspnoea.O9.2 Lung volume reduction surgery and bronchoscopic interventions.O8.1 Treatment of hypoxaemia and pulmonary hypertension.O7.13 Testosterone deficiencies and supplementation.


O1.1.2 Short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA).O1.1.1 Short-acting beta2-agonists (SABA).C5.11 Electrocardiography and echocardiography.C5.5 High resolution computed tomography.Assessing acute response to bronchodilators Key Recommendations of the COPD-X Guidelines.COPD Guidelines Committee – Past and Present.Summary of the Changes from the previous three versions of COPD-X.Summary of the Changes – Version 2.68, October 2022.The COPD-X Plan Version 2.68, October 2022.
